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Table
of Contents
Introduction:
Letter to A.P. Environmental Science Students...........................2
Chapter 1:
About the Exam............................................................................................3
Test taking tips..................................................................................3
Vocabulary Tune
Up............................................................................5
Chapter 2:
Outline of Topics & Key Concepts......................................................29
Climatic Patterns and Species Distribution...............................29
Ecological and Terrestrial Biomes................................................29
Aquatic Ecosystems.......................................................................30
Marine Ecosystems.........................................................................30
Hydrologic Cycle................................................................................31
Atmospheric Dynamics....................................................................31
Regions of the Atmosphere.............................................................32
El Nino / La Nina...............................................................................33
Population Ecology..........................................................................33
Demography......................................................................................33
Birth and Death Rates...................................................................33
Exponential Growth.........................................................................34
Carrying Capacity............................................................................35
Community Ecology....................................................................................35
Species Interactions and Adaptations........................................35
Ecological Succession.....................................................................36
Aquatic Succession.........................................................................37
Habitat Destruction.......................................................................38
Habitat Fragmentation.................................................................39
Exotic Species..................................................................................40
Overgrazing/Overharvesting...........................................................40
Evolutionary Concepts.............................................................................40
Natural Selection...........................................................................40
Species Extinction..........................................................................40
Ecosystem
Ecology.....................................................................................................41
Energy Flow in Ecosystems.............................................................................41
First / Second Law of Thermodynamics........................................................42
Trophic Levels...................................................................................................42
Food Chains / Food Webs................................................................................43
Carbon Cycle.....................................................................................................45
Nitrogen Cycle..................................................................................................46
Phosphorus Cycle.............................................................................................46
Land Use Concepts..........................................................................................48
Agriculture........................................................................................................49
Earth Science Principles.........................................................................................50
Geological Time Scale.....................................................................................50
Plate Tectonics................................................................................................51
Rock Cycle.........................................................................................................53
Volcanism..........................................................................................................54
Geotechnical Science...............................................................................................54
Soil Types..........................................................................................................54
Erosion...............................................................................................................55
Energy Resources.......................................................................................................56
Power Generation............................................................................................57
Wood..................................................................................................................57
Coal....................................................................................................................57
Oil.......................................................................................................................59
Natural Gas.....................................................................................................60
Geothermal......................................................................................................60
Hydroelectric...................................................................................................61
Nuclear Fission................................................................................................62
Nuclear Fusion.................................................................................................65
Solar.................................................................................................................65
Wind..................................................................................................................66
Tidal..................................................................................................................67
Biofuels............................................................................................................68
Hydrogen..........................................................................................................69
Pollution.........................................................................................................................70
Pesticides.........................................................................................70
Point and NonPoint Sources..........................................................72
Thermal Pollution.............................................................................72
Green House Gases.........................................................................73
Ozone.................................................................................................73
Global Warming................................................................................73
Levels and Loss of Biodiversity.....................................................75
Management of Pollutants....................................................................................76
Wastewater Treatment.................................................................76
Municipal Solid Waste....................................................................78
Reduction and Reuse................................................................................................81
Toxicology.........................................................................................82
Environmental Laws, Public Policy and Trade Offs.....................................82
Environmental Choices...................................................................82
Environmental Laws........................................................................83
Environmental Decisions................................................................87
Chapter 3:
Laboratory Skills Review......................................................................89
#1 Ecosystem Ecology..................................................................89
#2 Earth Science: Plate Tectonics, Volcanism; Earthquakes.90
#3 Earth Science: Soil Structure and the Rock Cycle..............91
#4 Earth Science: Geotechnical.................................................91
#5 Population Ecology: Env. Factors and Organism Dist........91
#6 Population Ecology – Calculating Population Data...........92
#7 Population Ecology – Sampling Techniques.........................93
#8 Population Ecology – Human Demographics.......................93
#9 Energy – Calculating Consumption......................................93
#10 Pollution -
Atmospheric…....................................................97
#11 Toxicology................................................................................99
#12 Aquatic Ecology...................................................................100
#13 Enviro Engineering: Potable
and Wastewater Treat......101
#14 Enviro Engineering: Solid Wastes.......................................104
#15 Greenhouse Effect...............................................................106
#16 Acid Deposition....................................................................106
#17 Radiation and Growth
Factor............................................108
#18 Designing a Professional Environmental Impact
Study.109
Chapter 4:
A.P. Environmental Science Practice Test #1..............................110
Practice
Test #1 Free Response Questions...........................128
Chapter 5:
A.P. Environmental Science Practice Test #2............................132
Practice Test #2 Free
Response Questions.........................145
Chapter 6:
A.P. Environmental Science Practice Test #3............................148
Practice
Test #3 Free Response Questions.........................164
Appendices:
Appendix A - Practice Test #1 Answer Sheet Key
............................167
Appendix B - Practice Test #1 Subject Index
Comparison...............168
Appendix C - Practice Test #1 Answer Key &
Rubrics......................169
Appendix D - Practice Test #1 Free Response Question
Answers...179
Appendix E - Practice Test #2 Answer Sheet Key
...........................184
Appendix F - Practice Test #2 Subject Index
Comparison..............185
Appendix G - Practice Test #2 Answer Key &
Rubrics.....................186
Appendix H - Practice Test #2 Free Response Question
Answers.193
Appendix I - Practice Test #3 Answer Sheet Key
............................195
Appendix J - Practice Test #3 Subject Index
Comparison..............196
Appendix K - Practice Test #3 Answer Key &
Rubrics......................197
Appendix L - Practice Test #3 Free Response Question
Answers.205
Appendix M - Measurement
Units......................................................207
Appendix N - Energy Measurement
Units.........................................208
Appendix O - Important and Helpful Web
Sites................................209
Appendix
P - Practice Test Answer Sheets........................................211
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